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INSTITUTE OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

31 Mayıs 2023 admin INA 0

The Yenikapı site, located in the Istanbul neighborhood of the same name, witnessed one of the world’s largest archaeological digs between 2004 and 2013. During the construction of a new subterranean rail line linking Europe and Asia, hundreds of laborers and archaeologists of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums exposed remains of over 8,000 years of the city’s history, ranging from Neolithic dwelling foundations and burials to Ottoman cisterns and workshops. Most of the finds, however, originated from Constantinople’s Theodosian Harbor, an artificial commercial harbor built during the reign of Byzantine emperor Theodosius I (AD 379-395). This harbor was extensively used from the 4th to 11th century AD, after which the effects of gradual siltation had rendered it accessible only to small watercraft. By the 16th century, the harbor was completely filled in, and its remains lay forgotten for centuries.

Thanks to the waterlogged anaerobic sediments that filled the harbor at Yenikapı, an impressive range of Byzantine finds were preserved at the site, including organic objects of wood, rope and leather, as well as pottery, bones, glass, coins, and other metalwork. In addition to hundreds of anchors and other items of ship’s equipment, archaeologists also uncovered several exceptionally well preserved shipwrecks of 5th- to late 10th- or early 11th-century AD date. These include the first archaeological examples of Byzantine rowed ships or galleys—almost certainly warships—as well as merchant vessels, a few with undisturbed amphora cargoes.

The Kızılburun Column Wreck was first located in 1993, on one of INA’s annual shipwreck surveys directed by Dr. Cemal Pulak. At the time of discovery, the only diagnostic artifact visible was a Lamboglia 2 amphora resting against one of the column drums. The presence of this amphora, though not clearly associated with the stone cargo, suggested that the wreck might date to the second or first century B.C. The Column Wreck is one of at least five shipwrecks in the immediate area, which include a fourth-century B.C. amphora carrier, two Byzantine wrecks, and a Medieval millstone wreck.

In 2001, a second team – this one under the direction of INA’s Tufan Turanlı – returned to Kızılburun for several days as part of the Shipwrecks of Anatolia project. In the process of photographing and sketching the visible remains, divers identified a large scatter of artifacts that included black glaze bowls, oil lamps, transport amphoras, and a small copper handle. The discovery of three additional Lamboglia 2 amphoras in association with the drums seemed to strengthen the possibility that the wreck dated from the late second or first century B.C. The presence of a Doric column on a shipwreck of the second or first century B.C. is particularly interesting because at this time architects seem generally to have preferred the Ionic and Corinthian orders to the Doric.

Since 2005, an international team of archaeologists, staff members of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, and graduate students from the Nautical Archaeology Program at Texas A&M University have been pursuing the excavation of this Roman stone carrier wrecked off the Aegean coast of Turkey southwest of Izmir at Kızılburun (“Crimson Cape”). This ship was transporting all the elements of a monumental marble column, in the form of eight individual drums and a single Doric capital. INA president Donny Hamilton served as the project director, and assistant professor at Texas A&M University Deborah Carlson as the team’s archaeological director. The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism was represented at Kızılburun by Ilker Tepeköy in 2005, Sinem Özongan in 2006, and Gülnaz Savran in 2007.

The Kyrenia shipwreck was first discovered in 1965 by town councilman Andreas Cariolou. Cariolou, while diving for sponges, came upon a mound of 80 amphoras less than a mile from Kyrenia on the north coast of Cyprus. In 1967, Cariolou contacted Michael and Susan Katzev and guided them to the wreck which sat 90 feet below the surface.

The University Museum’s excavation of the wreck spanned two summers from 1968 to 1969 and recovered cargo, dining wares, tools, ship’s rigging, and even four bone eyelets from a sailor’s sandals. The vessel itself was a Greek merchant ship and had a cargo of as many as 500 amphoras which belonged to ten different shape types. Most of the amphoras were Rhodian in origin and date to the final third of the 4th century B.C.

The site extended about nineteen meters in length and ten meters wide. 27 stones for hopper-type grain mills had been stacked in three rows along the axis of the ship to serve as ballast. Early in the season small fragments of thin lead sheets with bronze tacks were also found, and later, larger sheets were uncovered, indicating that the Greek ship had been covered in a sheathing of lead to protect its hull against marine life. A large portion of the hull was preserved. The remaining hull was raised, conserved and reconstructed. The reconstructed hull was 14 m in length and 4.2 m in beam. Conservation of the raised artifacts took place between 1969 and 1974.

In a 2001 survey of the Turkish coast led by George Bass, a local dive operator and former archaeologist with the Bodrum Museum, reported what he believed to be a Greek shipwreck at Orak Adası, not far from Bodrum. On October 9 Aşkın guided INA research vessel Virazon and its crew to the location of the reported wreck, which was actually off Pabuç Burnu (Shoe Point), just west of Orak Adası. Lead by Aşkın, INA’s Don Frey, Mutlu Gunay, and Ministry of Culture representative Yaşar Yıldız dived on the site to make an initial assessment and a short video for documentation.

The Smothers-Bruni expedition to Pabuç Burnu excavated at the site from June through October in 2002 and again in June and July in 2003. Due to the proximity of the site to Bodrum, INA’s headquarters served as an excavation base. Each morning the team boarded Virazon and made the 45-minute trip southeast past Kara Ada to Pabuç Burnu. A permanent mooring over the site was established to hold Virazon.

The team prepared the site for excavation and mapping by installing the underwater “telephone booth” and safety tanks, assembling and floating airlift pipes, locating datum towers at strategic positions, and erecting a nylon rope grid demarking rows of 2X2-meter squares across the excavation area. Precise relative locations of the datum points––the basis for all subsequent mapping––were established with measuring tape and the Site Surveyor™ program. Thereafter, artifacts were mapped using digital photography and PhotoModeler Pro™, a program that renders three-dimensional coordinates for points using photogrammetry.

At the end of each field season, all intact artifacts were transferred to the Bodrum Museum to complete their desalination and undergo conservation. The hull planks and partial amphoras remain in the Nixon Griffis laboratory, where they have been desalinated and cleaned and are being studied. The hull wood is currently undergoing conservation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the new treatment tank and system designed by Robin Piercy.

The birth of Underwater Archaeology, 1960-1962, shows the pioneers of nautical archaeology as they develop methods of excavating ancient shipwrecks on the seabed. Among them are George Bass, Claude Duthuit, Frederick van Doorninck, Susan Womer Katzev, Ann Bass, and David Owen, who later founded the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) which now excavates around the world. Learn more about INA's research in George Bass's book Beneath the Seven Seas and at https://nauticalarch.org/

How did the field of nautical archaeology get started? Learn as you hear from George Bass, INA's founder, on how it all began.

Learn about the history of INA and the accomplishments that have been achieved the past few decades.

The original motion picture polyester film of Voyage from Antiquity has been re-scanned to HD quality. This two hour documentary explores the excavation of the Late Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey, excavated from 1984-1994 with more than 22,000 dives logged in depths in excess of 150 feet. The find proved to be an elite shipment from the Late Bronze Age, providing precious archaeological evidence for the exotic and valuable gifts exchanged by kings, heads of state, or wealthy merchants. Produced by Jack Kelley. Available at: http://shop.nauticalarch.org/collections/welcome-to-our-store/products/uluburun-project-dvd

Watch the launch of INA’s newest research vessel: Virazon II! While there is still much work left to do, the Virazon II is in the water. The official launch will take place this June. The vessel was made possibly owing to a generous donation from Mrs. Barbara Duthuit in honor of her late husband and INA Director Claude Duthuit. The new research vessel is 24.95 meters in length with a beam of 8.10 meters. Built from 70 tons of steel, the Virazon II will have a 5-ton A-frame for lifting INA’s 2-person submersible, Carolyn and also house a recompression chamber, high- and low-pressure compressors, and space to accommodate 19 crew and passengers. Look for an article by previous INA Chairman John De Lapa in INA Quarterly 42.2!

ARV Virazon II is 24.95 m long, 8.10 m in beam, and built from 70 tons of steel. She is equipped with a Nitrox blender, 1-ton winch, and 5-ton A-frame for lifting INA’s two-person submersible, Carolyn. The ship is also home to a recompression chamber, high and low-pressure compressors, and can accommodate a full complement of 19 people. The Christening of Virazon II occurred in conjunction with the opening of the 2016 Eurasia Yacht Show in the ViaPort Marina outside of Istanbul. In attendance were INA officers, staff, directors, and numerous friends and supporters.

Virazon II has a tonnage of 170 m3 and a cruising speed of 10 knots, thanks to twin 425 HP engines. The main cabin on the lower deck accommodates 16 individuals, apart from a two-person VIP cabin with en-suite bathroom and shower. The captain’s cabin is adjacent to the wheelhouse and multi-station offices next to the galley on the main deck. The ship also has attachments for side-scan and bottom-scan sonar for remote-sensing surveys. Since her launching in 2016, Virazon II has surveyed in Albania and Turkey, and supported the 2019 excavation team at Kumluca, Turkey.

Watch the construction of Virazon II continue and see the installation of the engine!

Interview produced in 2010 copyright Penn Museum

In this short video, edited as a supplement to the Fall (2014) issue of Expedition magazine, Vol. 56, No. 2, George F. Bass discusses the origins of underwater archaeology at the Penn Museum in a series of oral history interviews. Bass recounts his first diving experiences off the coast of Cape Gelidonya in Turkey and the early days of nautical archaeology in the 1960s.

Created during the 2014 excavation season of the Godavaya Shipwreck Project, "A Dive in the Life" highlights the recent archaeological fieldwork of an ancient shipwreck in the Indian Ocean. The wreck, discovered by local fishermen in 2003 and explored intermittently since then, is the oldest in the Indian Ocean, making its exploration critical to a better understanding of early maritime commerce in the region. Recent work by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology and Sri Lanka's Department of Archaeology (DOA) and the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF) has so far revealed a wealth of artifacts associated with the shipwreck, from a raw cargo of iron and glass ingots to ceramic bowls and stone querns. "A Dive in the Life" follows the team from the early hours of a typical morning to their descent to the site, showcasing some of the most fascinating finds -- including a bronze spearhead discovered this season -- and capturing the heartbeat of the archaeological work done on this project.

Video by Susannah H. Snowden/OmniaPhoto.com for INA

"For more than two millennia the wood fragments of the Kyrenia shipwreck remained on the sea floor, eaten by worms and soaking up seawater until they had the consistency of wet cardboard. There were some 6,000 pieces in all, and Richard "Dick" Steffy's job was to put them all back together in their original shape like some massive, ancient jigsaw puzzle."

- Dr. George F. Bass
Founder of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (http://inadiscover.com/)

In a series of still photos taken by Susan Katzev some 40 years ago, this slideshow depicts the first time an ancient ship was reassembled from its sunken fragments. This was accomplished by Dick Steffy (1924-2007), whose determination to follow his dream is chronicled in a new book written by his son, Houston Chronicle columnist, Loren Steffy, published by TAMU Press.

This remarkable, self-taught scholar played a key role in the development of nautical archaeology, the NAP program at Texas A&M, and The Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Order your copy today from Texas A&M University Press. http://www.tamupress.com/product/Man-Who-Thought-like-a-Ship,6992.aspx

The first-ever in situ digital survey of a major vessel using LIDAR technology was completed on a remote sub-arctic island in northern Canada. The Klondike Gold Rush era steamboat named Evelyn was abandoned and forgotten by the world for nearly a century.

In 5 days, the INA / EPICSCAN team consisting of project director John Pollack, INA Researcher Sam Koepnick, Doug Devine and Carlos Velazquez of Oregon's EPICSCAN, and Yukon-based Doug Davidge, was able to collect 160 million data points utilizing LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology to perform a survey that would have meant years of work using traditional archaeological and architectural techniques.

"Welcome to the mapping revolution... it is very exciting stuff." John Pollard, Archaeologist (INA)

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